<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621</id><updated>2011-07-07T23:03:02.909-07:00</updated><category term='influenza'/><category term='grippe A/H1N1'/><category term='ghsotwriting'/><category term='première analyses du nouveau virus A/H1N1 (Mai 2009)'/><category term='Ethique/fraude médicale'/><category term='conflicts of interest'/><title type='text'>décryptage dans les coulisses de la science</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>15</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-2301580932679867161</id><published>2011-06-16T01:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2011-06-24T09:11:25.100-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Scientists must be more open to debate with the public: democracy is at stake</title><content type='html'>&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */ @font-face  {font-family:"Times New Roman";  panose-1:0 2 2 6 3 5 4 5 2 3;  mso-font-charset:0;  mso-generic-font-family:auto;  mso-font-pitch:variable;  mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face  {font-family:Arial;  panose-1:0 2 11 6 4 2 2 2 2 2;  mso-font-charset:0;  mso-generic-font-family:auto;  mso-font-pitch:variable;  mso-font-signature:50331648 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face  {font-family:TrebuchetMS;  panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;  mso-font-alt:"Trebuchet MS";  mso-font-charset:0;  mso-generic-font-family:auto;  mso-font-format:other;  mso-font-pitch:auto;  mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;} @font-face  {font-family:Times-Roman;  panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;  mso-font-alt:Times;  mso-font-charset:77;  mso-generic-font-family:auto;  mso-font-format:other;  mso-font-pitch:auto;  mso-font-signature:3 0 0 0 1 0;}  /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal  {mso-style-update:auto;  mso-style-parent:"";  margin-top:6.0pt;  margin-right:0cm;  margin-bottom:6.0pt;  margin-left:0cm;  text-align:justify;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:Arial;  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;  mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} p.MsoFootnoteText, li.MsoFootnoteText, div.MsoFootnoteText  {margin-top:6.0pt;  margin-right:0cm;  margin-bottom:6.0pt;  margin-left:0cm;  text-align:justify;  mso-pagination:widow-orphan;  font-size:12.0pt;  font-family:Arial;  mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;  mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} span.MsoFootnoteReference  {vertical-align:super;} table.MsoNormalTable  {mso-style-parent:"";  font-size:10.0pt;  font-family:"Times New Roman";} @page Section1  {size:612.0pt 792.0pt;  margin:70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt 70.85pt;  mso-header-margin:36.0pt;  mso-footer-margin:36.0pt;  mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1  {page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FF9900;"&gt;The original article was published on the website of the French Newspapaer Le Monde (9 juin 2011)  :&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2010/06/16/les-gens-de-la-grippe-une-histoire-de-famille_1372839_3232.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FF9900;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/06/09/confisquer-le-debat-sur-les-enjeux-de-la-science-c-est-affaiblir-la-democratie_1533602_3232.html"&gt;Confisquer le débat sur les enjeux de la science, c'est affaiblir la démocratie"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:11.0pt;"&gt;In a recent opinion column &lt;a href="http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110330/full/471549a.html"&gt;published in Nature&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3680792575781426621&amp;amp;postID=2301580932679867161#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt; regarding the Fukushima disaster, the journalist Colin Macilwain emphasized the legitimacy of the general public’s fears and denounced the condescension of nuclear experts as being counterproductive. Although&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Fukushima has illuminated the gap between the views of experts and those of the public, such condescending attitudes are not restricted to the nuclear energy debate. A simplistic vision opposing enlightened scientists with an ignorant public shapes the perception of modern society by a part of the scientific community. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:11.0pt;"&gt;This vision that puts the scientific expert in the position of holding all the knowledge before an ignorant public is, in my opinion, misleading. Conspiracy theories spread by for example, anti-vaccine movements, do threaten scientific and medical advances. However, concerns surrounding a given application of scientific knowledge do not necessarily mean obscurantism. Such concerns may be rooted in legitimate fears concerning the societal stakes of scientific application. In this respect, scientists should be open to mindsets that are different from their own. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:11.0pt;"&gt;Last year, the handling of the H1N1 influenza pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) led to suspicions being raised as to the role of the pharmaceutical industry regarding pandemic preparedness and response. In response to these unfounded allegations, influenza experts castigated the public as being irrational and ignorant. Since, numerous workshops targeting journalists have been set up throughout Europe to explain the scientific basis of influenza control policies, in the hope of restoring the public’s confidence in influenza vaccination.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:11.0pt;"&gt;The assumption that suspicions regarding the WHO’s management of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic were rooted in ignorance has however been invalidated by a recent review discussed at the 64&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; World Health Assembly in Geneva &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;(16–24 May 2011)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:11.0pt;"&gt;. Although the review rules out allegations of a spurious pandemic and praises the timely identification of the new H1N1 influenza virus and the subsequent response by WHO, it also points out several shortcomings, some of which fuelled public suspicion. In particular, the review emphasizes the lack of clear and accessible information regarding the severity of the pandemic and the lack of transparency regarding the conflicts of interest of experts advising WHO. “&lt;i&gt;By failing to acknowledge legitimate reasons for some criticism, WHO may have inadvertently contributed to confusion and suspicion&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:11.0pt;"&gt;”, the review concludes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=" mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FRfont-family:Times-Roman;font-size:11.0pt;"  &gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:11.0pt;"&gt;Although the allegations of fabricating a spurious pandemic are unfounded, it is the responsibility of all those who are engaged in pandemic preparedness and response to open an honest debate with the public about how the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was handled. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:11.0pt;"&gt;In a society where marketing is king, neither vaccines, nor drugs, nor healthcare can escape the logic of the market. Without a proper debate on the management of vaccination policies, the public’s doubts will remain.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;At a time when governmental arrogance is challenged more than ever in Spain and elsewhere across Europe, to continue to confiscate the debate would not only weaken confidence in science but would also diminish our democracies. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="mso-element:footnote-list"&gt;
&lt;hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"&gt;    &lt;div style="mso-element:footnote" id="ftn1"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoFootnoteText"&gt;&lt;a style="mso-footnote-id:ftn1" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3680792575781426621&amp;amp;postID=2301580932679867161#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""&gt;&lt;span class="MsoFootnoteReference"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="mso-special-character:footnote"&gt;[1]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:10.0pt;"&gt; Colin Macilwain. Concerns over nuclear energy are legitimate. Nature. 30 March 2011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-2301580932679867161?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/2301580932679867161'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/2301580932679867161'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2011/06/scientists-must-be-more-open-to-debate.html' title='Scientists must be more open to debate with the public: democracy is at stake'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-7238086737819596433</id><published>2010-06-22T07:56:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-22T08:09:31.917-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='influenza'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='conflicts of interest'/><title type='text'>Flu people: the story of a family</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:13px;"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FF9900;"&gt;The original article was published on the website of the French Newspapaer Le Monde (16 juin 2010)  : &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2010/06/16/les-gens-de-la-grippe-une-histoire-de-famille_1372839_3232.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FF9900;"&gt;"Les gens de la grippe: une histoire de famille"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;I belong to the community of flu people. A community of specialists, industrialists, public health decision makers and researchers who meet regularly at international conferences and gatherings across the world. It’s rather like coming to a family reunion: we greet each other politely, ask after one another, make dates to spend time together, discuss the latest scientific data and share useful information, anecdotes and confidences. Each one plays his or her part at the plenary sessions, including the excellent speakers, the experienced professionals who command respect in the auditorium, the eccentrics, those bearing the impatiently expected latest results, the brilliant young scientists with a promising future, the schemers and others who, like myself, work in the background. A family of top specialists, bound by a common culture – influenza (virus, diseases, preventive measures, treatment and public health policies) and committed to the same cause, some driven by passion and belief in science and others by career and power. But at the end of the day, however smart, they are all just people with their strengths, weaknesses, bravery, fears, light and dark sides.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;The system seemed well-oiled during the years of preparation for the pandemic: the virologists provided information on the evolution of the flu viruses and the threats involved, the epidemiologists conducted studies to gain a better understanding of the different facets of flu, the mathematicians developed models to simulate the impact of a pandemic, the manufacturers developed new vaccines and techniques, and, as knowledge and resources developed, the World Health Organisation (WHO) adjusted its recommendations accordingly. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;Then, hey presto, a new virus emerged from Mexico. Although not what was expected, it was nevertheless a true pandemic virus, leaving a trail of potential threats and uncertainty in its wake. Level 6 of the pandemic plan had to be implemented. Manufacturers got busy producing vaccines, national programmes were rolled out, and scientists and epidemiologists closely monitored the evolution of the new virus and ensuing disease to alert the health authorities, as relevant. Everything was working fine; we could congratulate ourselves for the years of thinking and preparation that were proving to be so fruitful. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;Absolutely everything? No… because there was a glitch in the system. And that glitch was the outside view, the view of “the others”, those who are not part of the flu community. The pandemic involves them too; so their view blew our common culture to pieces. The working methods and concepts familiar to the flu people were all of a sudden viewed from a different angle. The seemingly obvious uncertainty inherent in a flu virus became subject to misunderstanding, the usefulness of vaccination was questioned, and the terms of collaboration between industrialists and specialists suspect. This outside view destabilised us, made us feel uncomfortable; and we began to think that they had not understood anything at all. At that point, how could we get things into perspective and incorporate their view without letting ourselves be destroyed?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;Although I believe it was necessary, in November 2009, to blow the whistle on the underlying obscurantism in refusing vaccination, I feel it is just as necessary now to get the record straight on the grey areas surrounding conflicts of interest. For better or for worse, the pharmaceutical industry has a role to play in health, and it is normal that it collaborates closely with the specialists. Without its investment in Research and Development, the antiviral drug revolution would never have taken place and AIDS would no doubt still be the same disease it was 15 years ago. But these are also powerful multinational firms, driven by profit. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;The financial crisis and the ensuing cascade of economic and social crises heated up the general debate on multinational practices. So the question that arises is perfectly legitimate: in managing H1N1 influenza, did the economic aspects weigh in the balance? This issue is all the more delicate insofar as the others do not have access to the complex data required for making public health decisions. The WHO declaration of pandemic was justified and vaccination is necessary since this flu is far from being harmless. Nonetheless, transparency is required. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the WHO, responded to the &lt;i&gt;British Medical Journal &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;survey by acknowledging that the safeguards against conflicts of interest must be strengthened. Furthermore, the specialists need to adopt a clear position. Hiding behind the argument that the expertise is in the hands of just a few specialists is tantamount to telling only part of the flu family story because it preserves the unsaid around the way in which conflicts of interest are managed. And the unspoken words can only damage the specialists’ credibility and the public’s faith in vaccination. So this should not become a family secret.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:13px;"&gt; &lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;English translation: Catherine Gabel (Gabel Rejder Associés)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-7238086737819596433?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/7238086737819596433'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/7238086737819596433'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2010/06/flu-people-story-of-family.html' title='Flu people: the story of a family'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-4539906167735453235</id><published>2009-11-22T05:11:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-22T05:27:53.534-08:00</updated><title type='text'>Nuit gravement à la santé publique</title><content type='html'>&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"    style="font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:#333333;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" line-height: 16px;font-size:12px;"&gt; &lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:15px;"&gt; &lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#6666CC;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;Tribune publiée dans &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/0101600831-nuit-gravement-a-la-sante-publique"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#6666CC;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;Libération&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#6666CC;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;, 3 Novembre 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#6666CC;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;La grippe H1N1 contre laquelle les Français semblent rechigner à se faire vacciner est tout sauf une «grippette»: elle tue avant tout des enfants, des jeunes adultes dont certains en très bonne santé, et fait peser pour l’hiver à venir un risque d’engorgement des hôpitaux. En cela, sa signature épidémique est bien celle d’une grippe pandémique. Pour preuve, les études parues récemment dans des revues scientifiques (&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;Journal of American Medical Association, New England Journal of Medicine)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;. Plus de 90 % des personnes admises en soins intensifs durant l’hiver austral en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande étaient âgées de moins de 65 ans, soit exactement l’inverse de ce qui est observé avec la grippe saisonnière. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; "&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;Dans plus d’un tiers des cas, ces personnes étaient en parfaite santé et ne présentaient aucun facteur de risque. Pour le reste, il s’agissait de personnes souffrant de diabète, d’obésité, de maladies respiratoires (en particulier l’asthme) ou cardiaques, mais aussi de femmes enceintes (9 % des cas). Durant cet hiver austral, l’admission en soins intensifs pour pneumonie virale était quinze fois plus élevée que durant les hivers précédents. Dans l’autre étude, menée dans plusieurs hôpitaux canadiens, l’âge moyen des personnes en soins intensifs était de seulement 32 ans. Près de 30 % d’entre elles étaient des enfants et 17 % sont décédées. Durant le pic de l’épidémie, en juin dernier au Canada, les capacités de traitement ont frôlé la saturation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;Il faut ignorer tout de la complexité des virus grippaux pour tirer des conclusions hâtives sur cette grippe. Tous les spécialistes savent que durant les précédentes pandémies, la première vague était souvent moins sévère que les suivantes, et rien ne permet de prédire comment ce nouveau virus évoluera. Le risque que le virus H1N1 se mélange avec d’autres virus grippaux d’origine animale n’est pas exclu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFFFFF;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"&gt;La perception de la grippe H1N1 comme une «grippette» est accompagnée d’un autre phénomène : la propagation de rumeurs électroniques qui, mêlant le vrai et le faux, sabotent les stratégies de vaccination élaborées avec soin pour limiter la sévérité de la pandémie. Tout et n’importe quoi est raconté sur la composition des vaccins, les industriels qui les fabriquent et leur processus d’évaluation. Le mot «adjuvant» est devenu à lui seul un mot magique, cristallisant toutes les peurs et tous les fantasmes liés à la vaccination. Ces rumeurs, qui puisent leur inspiration dans un obscurantisme rampant, sont aussi infondées que l’emploi du mot «grippette». Les propager nuit gravement à la santé publique.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-4539906167735453235?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/4539906167735453235'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/4539906167735453235'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/11/nuit-gravement-la-sante-publique.html' title='Nuit gravement à la santé publique'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-8689305104605767951</id><published>2009-11-10T04:20:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2010-06-30T04:33:15.075-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Mingling fact and fiction seriously damages public health</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 16px; "&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: normal;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFCC99;"&gt;Published in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.liberation.fr/societe/0101600831-nuit-gravement-a-la-sante-publique"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFCC99;"&gt;Libération&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFCC99;"&gt;, 3 Novembre 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFCC99;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px; "&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#FFCC99;"&gt;English translation: Catherine Gabel (Gabel Rejder Associés)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px; "&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color:#99FF99;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: georgia; "&gt;The French population is fighting shy of vaccination. But H1N1 influenza, commonly known as swine flu, is not just a bout of seasonal flu: it kills principally children and youth, including some very healthy individuals, and the outbreak poses a risk of overcrowding in hospitals next winter. In this respect, the signature features certainly point to pandemic influenza.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Proof is provided by studies recently published in scientific journals such as &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt; and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;JAMA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;. Contrary to statistics for seasonal flu, more than 90% of patients with H1N1 infection admitted to intensive care units in Australia and New Zealand during the winter were under 65. Over one-third of these individuals were in perfectly good health, with no risk factors. The remainder suffered from diabetes, obesity, cardiac or respiratory diseases (particularly asthma) or were pregnant women (9%). During that southern hemisphere winter, admissions for viral pneumonia were fifteen times higher than in previous winters.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;A further study, conducted in Canadian hospitals, revealed that the average age of admissions in intensive care was only 32. Some 30% were children and 17% died. Treatment capacity during the epidemic peak in June 2009 almost reached saturation point in several hospitals.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Drawing too hasty conclusions on the new type of influenza implies being completely in the dark on the complexities of flu viruses. All the specialists know, from previous pandemics, that the initial wave is often less severe than subsequent waves; and there is no way of forecasting how the new virus will evolve. The risk that H1N1 may combine with other influenza viruses of animal origin cannot be ruled out.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Considering swine flu as ‘just a bout of seasonal flu’ provides fertile ground for electronic rumours to spread. By mingling fact and fiction, they sabotage the vaccination strategies implemented to mitigate the pandemic’s severity: people say anything and everything about the composition of the vaccines, the manufacturers who produce them and their evaluation processes. The word ‘adjuvant’ itself has become a magic word, crystallising the current vaccination fantasies. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB" style="font-weight: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;These rumours, which stem from rampant obscurantism, are as groundless as thinking that this is just a bout of seasonal flu. And spreading them seriously damages public health. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;line-height: normal; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="font-family:georgia;color:#99FF99;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-8689305104605767951?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/8689305104605767951'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/8689305104605767951'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2010/06/mingling-fact-and-fiction-seriously.html' title='Mingling fact and fiction seriously damages public health'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-9153570667932987926</id><published>2009-09-22T01:21:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-01T02:03:34.610-07:00</updated><title type='text'>La grippe, l'argent et les incertitudes</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 255);"&gt;This article is based on an the article published in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 255);"&gt;bmj&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 255);"&gt; (18 September 2009): &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/339/sep18_2/b3811?q=w_pandemic_flu"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 255);"&gt;Flu's unexpected bonus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En ces temps où l'argent est roi, on fait feu de tout bois. Et la pandémie de grippe s'avère un bon combustible, explique le journaliste du Financial Times, Andrew Jack, dans &lt;a href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/339/sep18_2/b3811?q=w_pandemic_flu"&gt;un article récemment paru dans le journal médical britannique &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;bmj&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/a&gt; Les profits engrangés grâce aux ventes de Tamiflu par les firmes pharmaceutiques Roche, qui le commercialise et Gilead (qui en perçoit des royalties) sont considérables. Le journaliste décrit en détail les stratégies employées par certains groupes pharmaceutiques pour "surfer" sur la vague de la pandémie, et revient sur les motivations des politiques pour ouvrir le parapluie sanitaire. En France par exemple, les décideurs politiques n'ont pas envie de refaire l'expérience de la canicule, ce qui est compréhensible... &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Si la pandémie s'avère bénigne, des doutes persistent encore quant à son évolution au cours de la seconde vague, attendue cet automne. "&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Plusieurs groupes pharmaceutiques ont certainement profité de la grippe&lt;/span&gt;", conclut Andrew Jack. "&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Quand à savoir si l'argent dépensé pour la pandémie est justifié ou non, cela dépendra du bilan que l'on en fera une fois qu'elle sera finie, et de savoir si ce bilan aurait pu ou non être prédit à l'avance&lt;/span&gt;".
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Les plans de pandémies actuellement mis en oeuvre (dont le stockage du tamiflu) ont été développés au cours des 6 dernières années, en réponse à l'émergence d'un virus grippal extrêmement pathogène, le virus aviaire H5N1. Les experts avaient de bonnes raisons de craindre que ce virus ne s'adapte à l'homme et ne devienne pandémique. En quelques mois, il s'était propagé chez les oiseaux domestiques à travers monde, échappant à tout contrôle. La crainte était que ce virus n'évolue pour devenir aussi transmissible que le virus A(H1N1) et provoquer une pandémie aussi sévère que celle de 1918 (grippe espagnole). D'où l'importance accordée à ces plans de pandémie. Bien malin qui aurait pu prédire l'émergence de ce virus A(H1N1)...&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-9153570667932987926?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/9153570667932987926'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/9153570667932987926'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/09/money-money-money-money-money.html' title='La grippe, l&apos;argent et les incertitudes'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-6408265052280353186</id><published>2009-09-20T03:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-09-21T08:26:03.066-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pourquoi fermer les écoles ?</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt;This article is an adaptation of the WHO Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 briefing note 10 : &lt;a href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/notes/h1n1_school_measures_20090911/en/index.html"&gt;«Measures in school settings&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/notes/h1n1_school_measures_20090911/en/index.html"&gt;»&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;   &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;C'est bien connu : les enfants sont les diffuseurs des  épidémies de grippe. Fermer les écoles vise donc à freiner la propagation de l’épidémie dans l’ensemble de la société. Les mathématiciens étudient ce phénomène grâce à des modèles simulant la progression des épidémies en faisant varier différents facteurs tels que sa contagiosité ou la vitesse à laquelle il se propage dans une population donnée. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Nombre de ces modèles ont été développés au cours des dernières années, en préparation à une éventuelle pandémie au virus aviaire H5N1. Selon leurs estimations, la fermeture des écoles constituerait l’une des mesures de contrôle les plus efficaces, plus efficace par exemple que la fermeture des aéroports . &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Ces modèles sont sans cesse perfectionnés, afin de toujours mieux prendre en compte la réalité. Au cours des derniers mois, les mathématiciens y ont intégré les données spécifiques au virus A(H1N1). Les nouvelles estimations suggèrent qu'en ralentissant la diffusion des épidémies, la fermeture des écoles permettrait &lt;a href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/notes/h1n1_school_measures_20090911/en/index.html"&gt;d’éviter les afflux trop massifs de malade&lt;/a&gt;s risquant d’engorger l’accès aux soins, en particulier aux hôpitaux. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="  "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Pour que cette mesure soit efficace, il faut qu’elle soit mise en place très tôt au cours de l’épidémie. Dans les conditions idéales, elle permettrait de réduire de 30 à 50 % l’afflux de malades aux systèmes de soins. Les modèles en révèlent aussi un effet paradoxal :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;de nombreux médecins et infirmières étant eux-mêmes parents, la fermeture des écoles pourraient les contraindre à garder leurs enfants à la maison. Dans ce cas, ils ne seraient plus disponibles pour soigner les malades.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;Pas si simple !&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="  ;font-family:Arial;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-6408265052280353186?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/6408265052280353186'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/6408265052280353186'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/09/pourquoi-fermer-les-ecoles-par-temps.html' title='Pourquoi fermer les écoles ?'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-6564826090545330075</id><published>2009-09-14T08:49:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-05-15T12:43:36.751-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ethique/fraude médicale'/><title type='text'>La fraude, une face cachée de la recherche médicale</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;En 2009 a été révélée l'une des plus vastes entreprises de fraude de l'histoire de la médecine.  Sur la base de résultats truqués de Scott Ruben, un anesthésiste américain, des millions de doses de médicaments ont été prescrits. Plus de dix années auront été nécessaires pour cette fraude soit révélée au grand jour &lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style="'mso-element:field-begin'"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ADDIN EN.CITE &lt;endnote&gt;&lt;cite&gt;&lt;author&gt;Morin&lt;/author&gt;&lt;year&gt;2009&lt;/year&gt;&lt;recnum&gt;1&lt;/recnum&gt;&lt;record&gt;&lt;rec-number&gt;1&lt;/rec-number&gt;&lt;foreign-keys&gt;&lt;key app="&amp;quot;EN&amp;quot;" id="&amp;quot;s5t2waewzde5ftew5rxx5d0rptxpvsz9fz5a&amp;quot;"&gt;1&lt;/key&gt;&lt;/foreign-keys&gt;&lt;ref-type name="&amp;quot;Journal"&gt;17&lt;/ref-type&gt;&lt;contributors&gt;&lt;authors&gt;&lt;author&gt;Morin,H.&lt;/author&gt;&lt;/authors&gt;&lt;/contributors&gt;&lt;titles&gt;&lt;title&gt;Un &amp;quot;Dr Madoff&amp;quot; de la pharmacie&lt;/title&gt;&lt;secondary-title&gt;Le Monde&lt;/secondary-title&gt;&lt;/titles&gt;&lt;periodical&gt;&lt;full-title&gt;Le Monde&lt;/full-title&gt;&lt;/periodical&gt;&lt;dates&gt;&lt;year&gt;2009&lt;/year&gt;&lt;pub-dates&gt;&lt;date&gt;21 March&lt;/date&gt;&lt;/pub-dates&gt;&lt;/dates&gt;&lt;urls&gt;&lt;/urls&gt;&lt;/record&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/endnote&gt;&lt;span style="'mso-element:field-separator'"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;(1)&lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style="'mso-element:field-end'"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La fraude médicale, est d’une manière générale, mal connue. Dans une étude parue en Mai 2009 dans &lt;a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005738"&gt;Plos Medecine&lt;/a&gt;, 2 % des chercheurs interrogés admettent avoir fabriqué, falsifié ou modifié des résultats (2). Des chiffres qui corroborent les estimations du Dr Frank Wells, co-président du comité d’éthique de la région de Cambridge (Royaume-Uni), et ayant enquêté sur les cas de fraudes suspectes au Royaume-Uni depuis plus de 12 ans &lt;a href="http://www.avicenne-sciences.com/pdf/fraud2009.pdf"&gt;(3)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun:yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Selon lui, 1 à 5% des études cliniques menées au Royaume-Uni seraient concernées par la fraude.&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;Ainsi, sur l’ensemble des études menées à un instant donné, 2000 rapporteraient des résultats frauduleux (4). Les enquêtes révèlent que ces fraudes surviennent à tous les niveaux de la recherche médicale. En 2007 par exemple, un pédiatre Britannique qui menait une étude clinique sur un traitement l’eczéma a pu multiplier le nombre d’enfants recrutés pour son étude, en recueillant auprès des mères deux consentements éclairés : l’un signé sous leur nom marital, et l’autre sous leur nom de jeune fille &lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;! &lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;La fraude préoccupe les experts Européens et la première &lt;a href="http://www.efgcp.be/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;"&gt;Conférence du Forum Européen pour les bonnes Pratiques Cliniques&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt; qui s’est tenu à Prague au printemps dernier, lui a été consacrée (3). L’accent a été mis sur l’importance de comités d'éthiques nationaux, aptes à la combattre. Les experts s'accordent sur la nécessité d'obtenir une vision précise de la situation en Europe, notamment sur la fréquence du phénomène. Il a aussi été question de ceux qui donnent l’alerte &lt;i&gt;whistletblowers &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:normal"&gt;pour les anglo-saxons &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;(«qui vend la mèche»&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:normal"&gt;). Dans le journal médical britannique «&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;bmj&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:normal"&gt;», la journaliste &lt;a href="http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/339/jul24_1/b2693?maxtoshow=&amp;amp;HITS=25&amp;amp;hits=25&amp;amp;RESULTFORMAT=&amp;amp;fulltext=Jane+Cassidy&amp;amp;searchid=1&amp;amp;FIRSTINDEX=0&amp;amp;sortspec=date&amp;amp;resourcetype=HWCIT"&gt;Jane Cassidy racontait récemment le parcours de quatre d’entre eux&lt;/a&gt;, parfois contraints à l’exil après avoir dénoncé un pair frauduleux &lt;/span&gt;(5).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:9.0pt;"&gt; 1.&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Morin H. Un "Dr Madoff" de la pharmacie. Le Monde. 2009 21 March. 2.&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Fanelli D. How many scientists fabricate and falsify research? A systematic review and meta-analysis of survey data. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5738. 3.&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Wells F. Historical aspects of research misconduct: Europe. In: Wells FFF, editor. Fraud and misconduct in biomedical resaerch. London: RSM Press; 2008. 4.&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Mary C. Tackling fraud in medical research and scientific communication: A report of the lecture by Dr Frank Wells at the 28th EMWA Conference. The write stuff. 2009;18(2):2. 5.&lt;span style="mso-tab-count:1"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;Cassidy J. Name and shame. BMJ. 2009;339:b2693.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:36.0pt;text-indent:-36.0pt"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:8.0pt;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--[if supportFields]&gt;&lt;span style="';font-family:Arial;font-size:8.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="'mso-element:field-end'"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-6564826090545330075?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/6564826090545330075'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/6564826090545330075'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/09/la-fraude-medicale-un-mal-combattre-en.html' title='La fraude, une face cachée de la recherche médicale'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-5666316004807478134</id><published>2009-08-21T09:44:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-08-23T06:33:17.081-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Grippe A(H1N1): l'appel à l'action du 17 août 2009</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;L'OMS, le FICR, l'UNSIC, l'OCHA et l'UNICEF et les&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt; S&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;ociétés de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant Rouge appellent à&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/20090817_call_to_action_fr.pdf"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt; l'action pour réduire l'impact de la pandémie de grippe A/(H1N1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt; dans les pays les plus pauvres afin de :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.5px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="  ;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Identifier les populations parmi lesquelles le risque de maladie et de mortalité est le plus élevé&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="  ;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Limiter la mortalité en traitant les maladies respiratoires aiguës et la pneumonie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="  ;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Limiter la propagation de la maladie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="  ;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Maintenir les services essentiels et se préparer au pire&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="  ;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:'times new roman';"&gt;Planifier et coordonner les efforts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-5666316004807478134?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/5666316004807478134'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/5666316004807478134'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/08/grippe-h1n1-lappel-laction-du-17-aout.html' title='Grippe A(H1N1): l&apos;appel à l&apos;action du 17 août 2009'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-3456249252099737289</id><published>2009-06-21T07:25:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-21T08:00:08.175-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Dealing with the uncertainties of the new influenza A/H1N1 virus</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt;This article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt; is&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt; an abstract of an article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt; of this blog &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt;entitled&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:16.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/06/la-severite-de-la-pandemie-au-virus.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt;"La sévérité de la pandémie au &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt;virus A/H1N1 au coeur des incertitudes"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(204, 204, 255);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-size:16.0pt;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;“Influenza viruses are the ultimate moving target. Their behavior is notoriously unpredictable. The behavior of pandemics is as unpredictable as the viruses that causes them&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;", stressed Margaret Chan last May in her address at the 62nd World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Assembly- the WHO's supreme decision making body (1). Articles recently published in the scientific literature have shed light on several reasons why the evolution of the new A/H1N1 influenza virus is feared.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;(2,3,4,5). They also have drawn attention to the fact that despite the fact that the disease severity has been mild in industrialized countries, severe cases may occur with a higher incidence in vulnerable populations. Those with malnutrition, chronic infections such as HIV and other comorbidities may be particularly vulnerable (2). Authors of a recent article in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt; stress the need for strengthened worldwide influenza surveillance both in humans and in animals (5). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"   style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Georgia;font-size:10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;1) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2009/62nd_assembly_address_20090518/en/index.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;Ad&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"  style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US;text-decoration:none;text-underline:nonecolor:windowtext;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2009/62nd_assembly_address_20090518/en/index.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;dress on 18 May 2009 in Geneva&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;, Switzerland of the 62nd World Health Assembly- the WHO's supreme decision making body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=" "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;(2) &lt;a href="http://www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8421.pdf"&gt;Human infection with new influenza A (H1N1) virus: clinical observations from Mexico and other affected countries, May 2009&lt;/a&gt;. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 May 22;84(21):185-9.[1]  (3)Melidou A, Gioula G, Exindari M, Chatzidimitriou D, Diza-Mataftsi E. I&lt;a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19216"&gt;nfluenza A(H5N1): an overview of the current situation&lt;/a&gt;. Euro Surveill 2009;14(20). (4) Vicente D, Cilla G, Montes M, Mendiola J, Perez-Trallero E. &lt;a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19215"&gt;Rapid spread of drug-resistant influenza A viruses in the Basque Country, northern Spain, 2000-1 to 2008-9.&lt;/a&gt; Euro Surveill 2009;14(20) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language:EN-US"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;(5) Lipsitch M, Riley S, Cauchemez S, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM. &lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMp0904380"&gt;Managing and Reducing Uncertainty in an Emerging Influenza Pandemic&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;N Engl J Med 2009 May 28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:ArialMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;     &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-3456249252099737289?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/3456249252099737289'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/3456249252099737289'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/06/dealing-with-uncertainties-of-new.html' title='Dealing with the uncertainties of the new influenza A/H1N1 virus'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-3575962641086576265</id><published>2009-06-07T06:54:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-11T08:11:43.933-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Incertitudes sur l'évolution de la pandémie au virus A/H1N1</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;  &lt;h1 style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;
&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=";font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Les virus de la grippe sont des cibles mouvantes. Leur comportement est notoirement imprévisible. Le comportement des pandémies est aussi imprévisible que les virus qui les causent", &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;déclarait l&lt;a href="http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2009/62nd_assembly_address_20090518/en/index.html"&gt;e 18 Mai dernier&lt;/a&gt; le Directeur Général de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), Margaret Chan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; Le &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;virus de la grippe est instable : il s'adapte en permanence à son hôte afin de lui échapper. Le nouveau virus A/H1NI l’est d'autant plus qu'il vient d'émerger dans la population humaine. &lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;D"un point de vue historique, les virus pandémiques ont évolué entre les différentes saisons, et la souche actuelle peut devenir plus sévère ou transmissible dans les mois à venir"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;, rappellent les auteurs d'un récent article&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; publié dans le &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMp0904380"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;New England Journal of Medicine&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMp0904380"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;(NEJM) (5).&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=";font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Il existe une infinité de scénarios possibles d’évolution du virus A/H1N1, pouvant combiner des mutations génétiques et l'échange de gènes avec &lt;a href="http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/04/les-virus-gagnants.html"&gt;d'autres virus grippaux&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;, don&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;t &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19216"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;le virus aviaire H5N1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; établi chez les oiseaux domestiques dans de nombreuses régions du monde, notamment l'Afrique, l'Asie et le Moyen-Orient (3). Le virus H5N1 ne se transmet pas d'homme à homme mais son infection est mortelle dans plus de 60 % des cas. Un porc infecté par ces deux virus pourrait servir de creuset, permettant l'émergence d'un virus aussi contagieux que le nouveau virus A/H1N1 et aussi pathogène que le virus aviaire H5N1 (3). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;Le virus A/H1N1 pourrait aussi évoluer pour devenir résistant aux traitements antiviraux, notamment le Tamiflu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;®&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;, comme cela a été observé pour une souche de virus de la &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19215"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;grippe saisonnière A/H1N1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;, au cours de la saison 2008-09 (4). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=";font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;L'évolution de l'épidémie actuelle est elle-même incertaine et l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;’OMS met en garde &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8421.pdf"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;contre la notion d’épidémie "modérée"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;. Dans les pays en développement, l’épidémie pourrait s'avérer beaucoup plus sévère en raison de facteurs fragilisants comme l'infection à VIH ou la malnutrition (2). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Helvetica;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=";font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;"Si nous étions sûrs que l'infection demeurait modérée dans la plupart des cas, ces incertitudes seraient similaires à celles que nous tolérons au cours d'une saison grippale normale"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;, précisent encore les auteurs&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;de &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMp0904380"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMp0904380"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt;’article du NEJM&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; (5). Dans la situation actuelle, la surveillance de la grippe tant chez l'homme que chez les animaux est d’autant plus cruciale, dans toutes les régions du monde (5).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="  ;font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:medium;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"&gt;(1)&lt;/span&gt; Discours prononcé le 18 May 2009 au cours de la 62e réunion annuelle de l'Assemblée Mondiale de la santé. Cette assemblée constitue l'instance suprême de décision de l'OMS. &lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"&gt;(2)&lt;/span&gt; Human infection with new influenza A (H1N1) virus: clinical observations from Mexico and other affected countries, May 2009. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2009 May 22;84(21):185-9.[1]  &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"&gt;(3)&lt;/span&gt; Melidou A, Gioula G, Exindari M, Chatzidimitriou D, Diza-Mataftsi E. Influenza A(H5N1): an overview of the current situation. Euro Surveill 2009;14(20). &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"&gt;(4)&lt;/span&gt; Vicente D, Cilla G, Montes M, Mendiola J, Perez-Trallero E. Rapid spread of drug-resistant influenza A viruses in the Basque Country, northern Spain, 2000-1 to 2008-9. Euro Surveill 2009;14(20). &lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=";font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:TimesNewRomanPSMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(192, 192, 192);"&gt;(5)&lt;/span&gt; Lipsitch M, Riley S, Cauchemez S, Ghani AC, Ferguson NM. Managing and Reducing Uncertainty in an Emerging Influenza Pandemic. N Engl J Med 2009 May 28&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:ArialMT;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:x-small;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-3575962641086576265?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/3575962641086576265'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/3575962641086576265'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/06/la-severite-de-la-pandemie-au-virus.html' title='Incertitudes sur l&apos;évolution de la pandémie au virus A/H1N1'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-2989622083889017363</id><published>2009-06-03T15:59:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-10T07:40:14.010-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Quand le nom échappe</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La confusion des noms donnés au nouveau virus A/H1N1 est à la hauteur des incertitudes qui le concernent. Dans un article récent de la revue &lt;a href="http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19225"&gt;Eurosurveillance&lt;/a&gt;, l'équipe éditoriale du Centre Européen de Contrôle des Maladies (ECDC) passe en revue les différents noms qui lui ont été attribués depuis son émergence.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;D'un point de vue scientifique rappelle l'ECDC, il existe une nomenclature bien précise. Une souche virale isolée chez un patient Californien en 2009 serait par exemple baptisée "influenza A/California/4/2009(H1N1)swl". La situation se corse quand il s'agit du nom vernaculaire.  Outre les levées de boucliers qu'il a suscité, le terme "grippe porcine" ne convient ni d'un point de vue scientifique, ni d'un point de vue médical.  Ce virus est bien d'origine porcine. Mais il est devenu un virus humain car il se transmet d'homme à homme. Parler de "grippe A/H1N" sous-entendrait qu'il s'agit d'un virus saisonnier alors qu'il comporte les caractéristiques d'un virus émergent. Et tant que la pandémie n'est pas déclarée, on ne peut pas parler de virus "pandémique". &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;!--StartFragment--&gt;&lt;span style="Times New Roman&amp;quot;;mso-ansi-language:FR;mso-fareast-language:FRfont-family:&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;To baptise a virus and its disease. Euro Surveill 2009;14(21).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style=""&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);  line-height: 18px; font-family:'Lucida Grande';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);  line-height: normal; font-family:Georgia;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:small;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;Sur le même sujet, voir l'article de Martin Enserink&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;: &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);   line-height: normal; font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;&lt;a href="http://blogs.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/05/swine-flu-names.html"&gt;Swine flu names evolving faster than Swine Flu itself&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://blogs.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2009/05/swine-flu-names.html"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt; Science &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;Insider&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;. 8 May 2009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" font-style: normal; font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="line-height: 18px; font-family:'Lucida Grande';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"   style="line-height: normal; font-family:Georgia;font-size:16px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="line-height: 18px; font-family:'Lucida Grande';"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-size:13px;"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-2989622083889017363?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/2989622083889017363'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/2989622083889017363'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/06/quand-le-nom-qui-echappe.html' title='Quand le nom échappe'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-3662770700372657695</id><published>2009-05-18T00:51:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-10-01T02:08:06.968-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ghsotwriting'/><title type='text'>Ghostwriting, des plumes dans l'ombre</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 108px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_hwPvNqjVZSQ/ShEkI-1TpDI/AAAAAAAAAB0/F6qmK_ywloc/s200/Yubaba1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5337086770134885426" /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Dans le "voyage de Chihiro", film d'animation de Hayio Miyasaki , la reine Yubaba prive de leurs noms ceux qui pénètrent dans le Royaume des Mille Bains (image ci-contre). Ils se transforment alors en ombres fantomatiques. Pour échapper à ce sortilège, Chihiro entreprend un voyage initiatique au terme duquel elle reprendra son nom. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;La pratique du "&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ghostwriting&lt;/span&gt;" (ou "écriture fantôme") pose à la communauté scientifique, un problème éthique majeur et certains n'hésitent à la qualifier de "&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;mauvaise conduite scientifique&lt;/span&gt;". &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;De nombreux articles publiés dans la littérature scientifique ne sont pas rédigés par les auteurs qui les signent mais par des professionnels de la rédaction scientifique, ou "&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "&gt;medical writer&lt;/span&gt;". Bien utilisée, cette pratique permet la publication de résultats qui ne l'auraient pas été autrement, faute de temps pour les écrire. Dans ce cas, le &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;medical writer&lt;/span&gt; peut-être considéré comme un professionnel de la mise en forme, l'essentiel de la contribution intellectuelle revenant aux experts qui ont généré les résultats. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Où commence la contribution intellectuelle du &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;medical writer&lt;/span&gt; ? A partir de quel moment doit-il être considéré comme un auteur ? Là réside toute l'ambiguïté de cette pratique. Dans les pires des cas, un article scientifique est construit de toute pièce selon un argumentaire commercial rédigé par &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;un medical writer&lt;/span&gt;, puis publié sous le nom d'un expert invité. Les anglos-saxon utilisent alors l'expression "Guest and Ghost". &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Par volonté de transparence, des éditeurs scientifiques de plus en plus nombreux exigent que la contribution du medical writer soit précisément décrite dans la partie "remerciements" des articles scientifiques, afin de pouvoir trancher sur leur statut. Dans un article récemment paru dans la revue Plos Medicine &lt;a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000023"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"What should be done to tackle ghostwriting in the medical litterature?"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, éditeurs scientifiques, experts médicaux et rédacteurs médicaux sont invités à débattre sur le sujet.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-3662770700372657695?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/3662770700372657695'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/3662770700372657695'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/05/ghostwriting-les-plumes-de-lombre.html' title='Ghostwriting, des plumes dans l&apos;ombre'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_hwPvNqjVZSQ/ShEkI-1TpDI/AAAAAAAAAB0/F6qmK_ywloc/s72-c/Yubaba1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-623473266982532721</id><published>2009-05-14T08:22:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-07T05:32:55.334-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='première analyses du nouveau virus A/H1N1 (Mai 2009)'/><title type='text'>Le nouveau virus A/H1N1 se propage plus vite que celui de la grippe saisonnière</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_hwPvNqjVZSQ/ShAm0JSvMFI/AAAAAAAAABk/Mnpqb2_2Fsw/s1600-h/virus+AH1N1.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_hwPvNqjVZSQ/ShAm0JSvMFI/AAAAAAAAABk/Mnpqb2_2Fsw/s200/virus+AH1N1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5336808235723599954" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Le potentiel pandémique du nouveau virus A/H1N1 est bien réel et la pandémie qu'il pourrait provoquer ressemblerait plus à celle de 1957 qu'à celle de 1918. C'est ce que révèle les premières analyses, dont les résultats ont été publiés le 11 Mai dans la &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;revue &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/1176062"&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ces analyses portent à la fois sur l'épidémie au Mexique et sur les caractéristiques génétiques du virus. Elles résultent d'une collaboration entre l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), les autorités sanitaires Mexicaines et des chercheurs en modélisation mathématique, dont une équipe de l'Impérial Collège de Londres (Royaume-Uni), réputée pour ses modèles mathématiques de la diffusion du virus grippal. 
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Les chercheurs ont ainsi estimé la transmissibilité du virus, un paramètre dénommé R0. Suivant cette première estimation, la valeur de R0 se situerait entre  1,4 à 1,6 soit plus élevée que celle des virus annuels, mais plus proche de de celle du virus de la pandémie modérée de 1957 que de celui de la grippe espagnole.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Cette première estimation est essentielle pour comprendre la propagation de ce nouveau virus, et anticiper sur l'efficacité des moyens de contrôle. D'après les modélisations mathématiques précédentes, la valeur de R0 est un facteur déterminant pour l'efficacité de stratégies visant à combiner différents moyens tels que la fermeture des écoles, les médicament antiviraux et les vaccins (1,2,3).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Les auteurs concluent qu'à cette valeur de R0, les politiques de contrôle actuellement mises en place devraient être efficaces. Le &lt;a href="http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/2009/t090515.htm"&gt;Centre de Contrôle et de Prévention des maladies&lt;/a&gt; (CDC, Etats-Unis) considère pour sa part, la fermeture des écoles comme une mesure envisageable face à l'épidémie due au nouveau virus A/H1N1. Une augmentation importante des cas de syndromes grippaux  est observée dans les écoles de New York et de Huston.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Les cas confirmés ne représentant que la partie émergée de l'iceberg. Dans l'article de &lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Science&lt;/span&gt;, les chercheurs estiment qu'entre 6000 et 32000 personnes auraient été infectées au Mexique par le nouveau virus A/H1N1. Aux Etats-Unis, le &lt;a href="http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/2009/t090515.htm"&gt;CDC&lt;/a&gt; avance le chiffre de 100 000 cas, d'après le sursaut de l'activité grippale observée par les réseaux de surveillance de la grippe dans les différents états du pays.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.0px Helvetica"&gt;(1) N. M. Ferguson &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Nature &lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;442&lt;/b&gt;, 448 (2006).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.0px Helvetica"&gt;(2) T. C. Germann, K. Kadau, I. M. Longini, Jr., C. A.Macken, &lt;i&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A &lt;/i&gt;&lt;b&gt;103&lt;/b&gt;, 5935 (2006).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.0px Helvetica"&gt;(3) Halloran ME, Ferguson NM, Eubank S, Longini IM, Jr., Cummings DA, Lewis B, et al. Modeling targeted layered containment of an influenza pandemic in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008 Mar 25;105(12):4639-44.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.0px Helvetica"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-623473266982532721?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/623473266982532721'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/623473266982532721'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/05/le-nouveau-virus-ah1n1-se-propage-plus.html' title='Le nouveau virus A/H1N1 se propage plus vite que celui de la grippe saisonnière'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_hwPvNqjVZSQ/ShAm0JSvMFI/AAAAAAAAABk/Mnpqb2_2Fsw/s72-c/virus+AH1N1.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-1088217933263645134</id><published>2009-05-07T11:39:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-05-20T02:41:46.830-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Pourquoi la grippe A/H1N1 est-elle atypique?</title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;L'épidémie de grippe A/H1N1 est atypique, explique le Centre de Contrôle des maladies infectieuses (CDC, Etats-Unis) dans le &lt;a href="http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5817a1.htm"&gt;numéro de son bulletin hebdomadaire&lt;/a&gt; daté du 6 Mai 2009: &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Le pourcentage de cas sévères est plus élevé que lors des épidémies annuelles
&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Ces cas surviennent surtout chez les adultes et les enfants atteints de maladies chroniques, tandis que la majorité des cas sévères de la grippe annuelle surviennent chez les nourrissons et les personnes âgés  (90% des décès liés à la grippe annuelle surviennent chez ceux de plus de 65 ans).&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Les femmes enceintes sont particulièrement à risque, ce qui est aussi atypique.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Le CDC précise que le bilan est provisoire. On ne connaît pas le nombre de personnes ayant été infectées à travers le monde et il est possible que les personnes âgés n'aient pas été exposées au virus. Ainsi l'apparence de l'épidémie pourrait être trompeuse. Avec l'arrivée de l'hiver dans l'hémisphère sud, les conditions vont devenir propices à la transmission de tous les virus de la grippe y compris le virus A/H1N1.  Le CDC rappelle aussi que dans les zones tropicales, le virus de la grippe circule tout au long de l'année.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-1088217933263645134?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/1088217933263645134'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/1088217933263645134'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/05/pourquoi-la-grippe-ah1n1-est-elle.html' title='Pourquoi la grippe A/H1N1 est-elle atypique?'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3680792575781426621.post-254186106168043811</id><published>2009-04-29T03:05:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2009-06-21T12:04:21.351-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='grippe A/H1N1'/><title type='text'>Les virus « gagnants »</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_hwPvNqjVZSQ/Sj6EK6SdUjI/AAAAAAAAACg/jHF9epYDHz8/s1600-h/Ecologie+virus+grippe.png"&gt;&lt;img style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 189px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_hwPvNqjVZSQ/Sj6EK6SdUjI/AAAAAAAAACg/jHF9epYDHz8/s200/Ecologie+virus+grippe.png" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5349858730342961714" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style=" ;font-family:LucidaGrande;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Un virus de la grippe devient pandémique s’il acquiert la combinaison «gagnante». Les virus évoluent en permanence et celui de la grippe est hypervariable. On en distingue 15 grandes familles, de H1 à H15. A l’intérieur de chacune de ces familles, il existe encore des milliards de “souches virales” qui se différencient, entre autres, par leur capacité à infecter tel ou tel hôte et par leur pouvoir pathogène. Certains virus infectent l’homme et d’autres les animaux, dont de nombreuses espèces d’oiseaux ainsi que le porc, le phoque, le&lt;span style="mso-spacerun: yes"&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;cheval, le chat. Les oiseaux sauvages sont le réservoir des virus de la grippe. A partir de ce réservoir, ils peuvent être transmis à d’autres espèces animales ou à l’homme, et s’y adapter. Le porc est considéré comme un creuset où se mélangent les virus des hommes et ceux des oiseaux. De ces brassages, surgissent une multitude de combinaisons de virus. Il arrive que l’une s’avère «gagnante» à cette loterie de la nature et parvienne à se propager dans la population humaine. C'est le cas du nouveau virus A/H1N1. Quelle sera l'ampleur de cette propagation ? Quelle est la dangerosité de ce virus ? Les réponses à ces questions sont cruciales pour anticiper sur l'évolution de cette situation.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span"  style="font-family:LucidaGrande;"&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace:none"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;!--EndFragment--&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3680792575781426621-254186106168043811?l=catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/254186106168043811'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3680792575781426621/posts/default/254186106168043811'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://catherinelouisemary.blogspot.com/2009/04/les-virus-gagnants.html' title='Les virus « gagnants »'/><author><name>Catherine Mary</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01249193948346438103</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_hwPvNqjVZSQ/Sj6EK6SdUjI/AAAAAAAAACg/jHF9epYDHz8/s72-c/Ecologie+virus+grippe.png' height='72' width='72'/></entry></feed>
